As directed by the Joint Explanatory Statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, (Pub. L. 117-328), the Unlawful Brokerage Activities Report to Congress addresses FMCSA’s adjudication of civil penalties for commercial violations in the federal district courts; potential barriers to such enforcement through the courts; alternative enforcement mechanisms for unlawful brokerage activities available to FMCSA; implementation of Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act section 23021 to clarify the definition of “broker” under FMCSA regulations; and whether new legislative authority or the clarification of existing legislative authority is necessary to address unlawful brokerage adequately. Additionally, this report addresses safety concerns arising from unlawful brokerage activities.