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Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies - Final Report

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Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 34: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)                
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 6.99 5.56 -1.42 3.26 -10.52 2.80 0.039
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 27 78.42 79.64 1.22 4.94 -8.52 14.36 0.210
Lateral distance standard deviation 27 37.97 35.75 -2.22 7.42 -24.14 15.43 0.132
Steering wheel movements SD 26 2.53 1.92 -0.62 3.50 -14.24 3.95 0.377
Front wheel movements SD 21 2.39 2.27 -0.12 0.92 -3.58 1.09 0.566

 

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 35: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
USA              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 9 6.65 5.98 -0.66 0.38 -1.72 0.123
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 9 69.84 75.89 6.06 2.30 2.63 0.030
Lateral distance standard deviation 9 47.49 42.53 -4.96 4.15 -1.19 0.266
Steering wheel movements SD 7 0.67 0.83 0.16 0.03 6.29 0.001
Front wheel movements SD 7 0.62 0.71 0.09 0.02 3.89 0.008
               
Canada              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 16 6.58 4.99 -1.60 0.89 -1.79 0.094
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 18 82.42 82.18 -0.24 0.47 -0.50 0.620
Lateral distance standard deviation 18 30.02 29.92 -0.10 0.78 -0.12 0.903
Steering wheel movements SD 19 2.75 1.97 -0.78 0.85 -0.92 0.372
Front wheel movements SD 14 3.10 3.00 -0.09 0.26 -0.35 0.733
               
USA vs. Canada p-values              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 0.853 0.440 0.767      
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 27 0.001 0.178 0.009      
Lateral distance standard deviation 27 0.000 <.0001 <.0001      
Steering wheel movements SD 26 0.091 0.017 0.018      
Front wheel movements SD 21 < .0001 &lt;.0001 <.0001      
               

 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 36: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 6.42 5.49 -0.93 0.44 -2.08 0.048
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 27 78.01 80.09 2.07 1.02 2.04 0.052
Lateral distance standard deviation 27 36.15 34.18 -1.97 1.50 -1.32 0.200
Steering wheel movements SD 26 2.07 1.62 -0.46 0.62 -0.73 0.472
Front wheel movements SD 21 2.25 2.21 -0.04 0.18 -0.21 0.836

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 37: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
USA                
PERCLOS during night hours median 9 4.11 3.00 -1.11 1.27 -3.00 0.00 0.030
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 9 71.22 76.22 5.00 6.86 -9.00 14.00 0.060
Lateral distance IQR 9 48.67 38.44 -10.22 17.62 -56.00 2.00 0.120
Steering wheel movements IQR 7 0.86 0.86 0.00 0.58 -1.00 1.00 1.000
Front wheel movements IQR 7 0.86 0.71 -0.14 0.38 -1.00 0.00 0.356
                 
Canada                
PERCLOS during night hours median 16 3.88 3.00 -0.88 2.31 -7.00 3.00 0.150
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 18 83.78 82.39 -1.39 2.12 -6.00 1.00 0.013
Lateral distance standard IQR 18 31.56 31.22 -0.33 3.16 -6.00 6.00 0.660
Steering wheel movements IQR 19 3.89 2.89 -1.00 6.53 -22.00 10.00 0.513
Front wheel movements IQR 14 4.21 3.71 -0.50 2.10 -6.00 2.00 0.390
                 
USA vs. Canada p-values                
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 0.847 1.000 0.780        
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 27 0.001 0.137 0.001        
Lateral distance IQR 27 0.003 0.027 0.027        
Steering wheel movements IQR 26 0.180 0.065 0.693        
Front wheel movements IQR 21 0.000 <.0001 0.665        

 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 38: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)                
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 3.96 3.00 -0.96 1.97 -7.00 3.00 0.023
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 27 79.59 80.33 0.74 5.18 -9.00 14.00 0.464
Lateral distance IQR 27 37.26 33.63 -3.63 11.16 -56.00 6.00 0.103
Steering wheel movements IQR 26 3.08 2.35 -0.73 5.57 -22.00 10.00 0.510
Front wheel movements IQR 21 3.10 2.71 -0.38 1.72 -6.00 2.00 0.321

 

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 39: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
USA              
PERCLOS during night hours median 9 3.47 2.64 -0.83 0.31 -2.70 0.027
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 9 71.07 76.85 5.78 2.22 2.60 0.032
Lateral distance IQR 9 47.99 38.40 -9.59 6.25 -1.53 0.164
Steering wheel movements IQR 7 0.70 0.76 0.05 0.08 0.63 0.553
Front wheel movements IQR 7 0.83 0.70 -0.13 0.13 -1.01 0.352
               
Canada              
PERCLOS during night hours median 16 3.73 3.16 -0.57 0.41 -1.38 0.187
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 18 83.86 82.53 -1.33 0.41 -3.24 0.005
Lateral distance IQR 18 30.26 30.49 0.23 0.83 0.27 0.788
Steering wheel movements IQR 19 3.53 2.17 -1.36 1.25 -1.09 0.290
Front wheel movements IQR 14 3.66 3.67 0.01 0.38 0.02 0.985
               
USA vs. Canada p-values              
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 0.826 0.528 0.725      
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 27 0.001 0.196 0.008      
Lateral distance IQR 27 0.010 0.029 0.010      
Steering wheel movements IQR 26 0.139 0.035 0.046      
Front wheel movements IQR 21 0.001 <.0001 <.0001      
               

 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 40: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)              
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 3.66 2.91 -0.75 0.23 -3.24 0.004
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 27 79.39 80.65 1.26 1.04 1.22 0.234
Lateral distance IQR 27 36.62 33.35 -3.27 2.24 -1.46 0.155
Steering wheel movements IQR 26 2.59 1.74 -0.85 0.92 -0.93 0.359
Front wheel movements IQR 21 2.71 2.64 -0.07 0.26 -0.27 0.791

 

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 41: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
USA                
PERCLOS during night hours mean 9 7.58 6.52 -1.06 1.95 -4.45 1.51 0.140
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 9 70.67 75.62 4.95 6.52 -8.70 14.36 0.052
Lateral distance standard deviation 9 48.53 43.55 -4.98 11.05 -18.46 15.43 0.213
Steering wheel movements SD 7 0.66 0.84 0.18 0.10 0.01 0.35 0.004
Front wheel movements SD 7 0.63 0.72 0.08 0.06 -0.04 0.15 0.013
                 
Canada                
PERCLOS during night hours mean 16 6.65 5.03 -1.63 3.85 -10.52 2.80 0.112
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 15 78.82 78.94 0.13 3.68 -6.52 7.12 0.894
Lateral distance standard deviation 15 33.71 32.13 -1.58 4.62 -12.14 4.49 0.207
Steering wheel movements SD 15 1.86 1.78 -0.09 1.36 -4.55 1.35 0.811
Front wheel movements SD 11 3.06 2.73 -0.33 1.20 -3.47 1.11 0.381
                 
USA vs. Canada p-values                
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 0.612 0.280 0.687        
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 24 0.064 0.482 0.029        
Lateral distance standard deviation 24 0.001 0.000 0.301        
Steering wheel movements SD 22 0.016 <.0001 0.616        
Front wheel movements SD 18 0.000 <.0001 0.379        
                 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 42: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Means or Standard Deviations

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)                
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 6.99 5.56 -1.42 3.26 -10.52 2.80 0.039
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 24 75.76 77.70 1.94 5.36 -8.70 14.36 0.090
Lateral distance standard deviation 24 39.27 36.41 -2.85 7.64 -18.46 15.43 0.080
Steering wheel movements SD 22 1.48 1.48 0.00 1.12 -4.55 1.35 0.997
Front wheel movements SD 18 2.11 1.94 -0.17 0.94 -3.47 1.11 0.456

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 43: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
USA              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 9 6.65 5.98 -0.66 0.38 -1.72 0.123
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 9 70.48 76.47 5.99 2.29 2.61 0.031
Lateral distance standard deviation 9 46.70 42.76 -3.94 3.96 -0.99 0.349
Steering wheel movements SD 7 0.64 0.81 0.17 0.03 5.73 0.001
Front wheel movements SD 7 0.62 0.71 0.09 0.02 3.86 0.008
               
Canada              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 16 6.58 4.99 -1.60 0.89 -1.79 0.094
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 15 79.27 79.33 0.06 0.96 0.07 0.948
Lateral distance standard deviation 15 31.95 30.17 -1.78 1.25 -1.42 0.178
Steering wheel movements SD 15 1.69 1.81 0.13 0.21 0.63 0.542
Front wheel movements SD 11 2.96 2.83 -0.13 0.29 -0.44 0.671
               
USA vs. Canada p-values              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 0.853 0.440 0.767      
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 24 0.076 0.606 0.184      
Lateral distance standard deviation 24 0.003 0.003 0.001      
Steering wheel movements SD 22 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001      
Front wheel movements SD 18 <.0001 <.0001 <.0001      

 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 44: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Means or SD's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)              
PERCLOS during night hours mean 25 6.419 5.493 -0.926 0.445 -2.080 0.048
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness mean 24 74.699 79.150 4.451 1.307 3.410 0.002
Lateral distance standard deviation 24 39.089 35.342 -3.746 1.905 -1.970 0.061
Steering wheel movements SD 22 1.303 1.468 0.165 0.099 1.660 0.111
Front wheel movements SD 18 1.967 1.995 0.028 0.117 0.240 0.815
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 45: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
USA                
PERCLOS during night hours median 9 4.11 3.00 -1.11 1.27 -3.00 0.00 0.030
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 9 71.44 76.56 5.11 6.88 -9.00 14.00 0.056
Lateral distance IQR 9 45.78 38.22 -7.56 9.37 -30.00 2.00 0.042
Steering wheel movements IQR 7 0.86 0.86 0.00 0.58 -1.00 1.00 1.000
Front wheel movements IQR 7 0.86 0.71 -0.14 0.38 -1.00 0.00 0.356
                 
Canada                
PERCLOS during night hours median 16 3.88 3.00 -0.88 2.31 -7.00 3.00 0.150
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 15 79.13 79.60 0.47 4.70 -8.00 8.00 0.707
Lateral distance IQR 15 33.33 32.53 -0.80 5.54 -14.00 6.00 0.585
Steering wheel movements IQR 15 2.20 1.93 -0.27 1.67 -5.00 2.00 0.546
Front wheel movements IQR 11 3.64 3.00 -0.64 2.38 -7.00 2.00 0.396
                 
USA vs. Canada p-values                
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 0.847 1.000 0.780        
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 24 0.085 0.518 0.062        
Lateral distance IQR 24 0.006 0.085 0.036        
Steering wheel movements IQR 22 0.017 0.001 0.688        
Front wheel movements IQR 18 0.007 0.001 0.597        
                 

 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 46: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Descriptive Comparisons of Changes in Unweighted Medians or Interquartile Ranges

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SD Difference Min Difference Max Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)                
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 3.96 3.00 -0.96 1.97 -7.00 3.00 0.023
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 24 76.25 78.46 2.21 5.93 -9.00 14.00 0.081
Lateral distance IQR 24 38.00 34.67 -3.33 7.77 -30.00 6.00 0.047
Steering wheel movements IQR 22 1.77 1.59 -0.18 1.40 -5.00 2.00 0.550
Front wheel movements IQR 18 2.56 2.11 -0.44 1.85 -7.00 2.00 0.323

 

Comparison of FEEDBACK condition versus NO FEEDBACK condition
p values between U.S. and Canada Comparison Study Phases

Table 47: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
USA              
PERCLOS during night hours median 9 3.47 2.64 -0.83 0.31 -2.70 0.027
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 9 71.36 77.27 5.91 2.21 2.67 0.028
Lateral distance IQR 9 44.38 37.41 -6.97 3.52 -1.98 0.083
Steering wheel movements IQR 7 0.71 0.75 0.04 0.07 0.54 0.611
Front wheel movements IQR 7 0.83 0.69 -0.14 0.13 -1.04 0.339
               
Canada              
PERCLOS during night hours median 16 3.73 3.16 -0.57 0.41 -1.38 0.187
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 15 79.68 80.20 0.52 1.20 0.43 0.672
Lateral distance IQR 15 32.55 31.30 -1.25 1.48 -0.84 0.413
Steering wheel movements IQR 15 2.05 2.27 0.22 0.28 0.77 0.455
Front wheel movements IQR 11 3.54 3.36 -0.18 0.53 -0.34 0.739
               
USA vs. Canada p-values              
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 0.826 0.528 0.725      
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 24 0.081 0.616 0.193      
Lateral distance IQR 24 0.021 0.121 0.039      
Steering wheel movements IQR 22 0.000 0.000 <.0001      
Front wheel movements IQR 18 0.001 0.000 0.000      
               

 

Pooled Data (Canada Study Phase 1 and U.S. Study Phase 2)
Comparisons of NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions

Table 48: AP+ and SafeTRAC Outcomes at Night
Mixed Model ANOVA Comparisons Based on Doubly-Weighted Medians or IQR's

  N No Feedback Mean Feedback Mean Difference Mean Difference SE t-statistic Difference p-value
Pooled (USA and Canada)              
PERCLOS during night hours median 25 3.660 2.907 -0.754 0.232 -3.240 0.004
SafeTRAC Driver's Alertness median 24 75.409 79.912 4.503 1.290 3.490 0.002
Lateral distance IQR 24 38.662 33.273 -5.389 1.819 -2.960 0.007
Steering wheel movements IQR 22 1.518 1.607 0.088 0.165 0.540 0.598
Front wheel movements IQR 18 2.388 2.227 -0.161 0.222 -0.730 0.477
Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

 

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 49- CANADA: Actigraphy Variables
Paired T-tests for Changes in Standard Deviations

Outcome variables

N

No Feedback Mean SD

Feedback Mean SD

Mean Difference in SD

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

20

100.46

98.93

1.53

0.180

0.859

Sleep Episodes

20

0.470

0.450

0.020

0.410

0.688

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

20

348.93

332.62

16.31

0.230

0.818

Sleep Efficiency

20

8.605

8.116

0.490

0.490

0.631

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

20

6.42

6.20

0.23

0.330

0.742

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

20

7.05

6.56

0.49

0.730

0.473

Notes: SD values were computed over days within condition.

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 50- U.S. : Actigraphy Variables
Paired T-tests for Changes in Standard Deviations

Outcome variables

N

No Feedback Mean SD

Feedback Mean SD

Mean Difference in SD

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

10

106.84

146.30

-39.46

-2.280

0.048

Sleep Episodes

10

0.716

0.759

-0.043

-1.020

0.333

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

10

957.97

824.29

133.68

0.400

0.698

Sleep Efficiency

10

11.597

10.564

1.033

0.450

0.667

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

10

6.32

8.45

-2.13

-1.700

0.124

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

10

6.61

8.61

-1.99

-1.540

0.157

Notes: SD values were computed over days within condition.

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 51- CANADA: Actigraphy Variables in No Feedback Condition
Comparing Work Days to Non Work Days
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

Workday Mean

Non-Workday Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

15

374.87

437.67

-62.80

24.65

-2.550

0.023

Sleep Episodes

15

1.388

1.310

0.078

0.099

0.790

0.445

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

15

736.81

729.98

6.84

74.97

0.090

0.929

Sleep Efficiency

15

86.902

84.828

2.074

2.256

0.920

0.374

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

15

82.132

82.195

-0.064

1.084

-0.060

0.954

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

15

61.957

61.413

0.544

1.494

0.360

0.721

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 52- U.S.: Actigraphy Variables in the No Feedback Condition
Comparing Work Days to Non Work Days
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

Workday Mean

Non-Workday Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

10

313.65

391.72

-78.08

27.15

-2.880

0.018

Sleep Episodes

10

1.944

1.507

0.438

0.177

2.470

0.036

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

10

2097.61

1404.36

693.26

395.62

1.750

0.114

Sleep Efficiency

10

68.467

71.653

-3.186

2.863

-1.110

0.295

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

10

87.345

82.971

4.374

1.605

2.730

0.023

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

10

62.638

63.626

-0.988

2.403

-0.410

0.691

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 53- CANADA: Actigraphy Variables in the Feedback Condition
Comparing Work Days to Non-Work Days
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

Workday Mean

Non-Workday Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

15

373.77

450.76

-76.99

17.09

-4.510

0.0005

Sleep Episodes

15

1.421

1.373

0.047

0.155

0.310

0.764

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

15

750.30

774.40

-24.11

95.55

-0.250

0.805

Sleep Efficiency

15

86.430

85.290

1.139

1.567

0.730

0.479

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

15

84.444

82.939

1.504

1.514

0.990

0.337

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

15

65.860

64.352

1.508

1.610

0.940

0.365

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 54- U.S.: Actigraphy Variables in the Feedback Condition
Comparing Work Days to Non Work Days
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

Workday Mean

Non-Workday Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

10

301.00

451.65

-150.65

27.47

-5.490

0.0004

Sleep Episodes

10

2.242

1.915

0.327

0.162

2.020

0.075

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

10

2162.99

2033.47

129.51

414.82

0.310

0.762

Sleep Efficiency

10

63.998

63.014

0.984

2.737

0.360

0.727

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

10

86.367

85.184

1.182

2.660

0.440

0.667

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

10

61.372

67.363

-5.991

3.322

-1.800

0.105

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 55- CANADA: Actigraphy Variables During Work Days
Comparing the No Feedback to Feedback Conditions
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

No Feedback Mean

Feedback Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

15

371.78

375.78

-4.00

9.32

-0.430

0.675

Sleep Episodes

15

1.392

1.406

-0.014

0.036

-0.390

0.706

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

15

749.91

735.41

14.49

76.17

0.190

0.852

Sleep Efficiency

15

86.618

86.536

0.083

1.550

0.050

0.958

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

15

82.032

84.834

-2.802

2.295

-1.220

0.242

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

15

62.043

66.198

-4.155

2.414

-1.720

0.107

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 56- U.S.: Actigraphy Variables During Work Days
Comparing the No Feedback to Feedback Conditions
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

No Feedback Mean

Feedback Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

10

313.65

301.00

12.65

18.06

0.700

0.501

Sleep Episodes

10

1.944

2.242

-0.298

0.176

1.690

0.125

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

10

2097.61

2162.99

-65.37

105.35

0.620

0.550

Sleep Efficiency

10

68.467

63.998

4.469

4.573

0.980

0.354

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

10

87.345

86.367

0.979

2.021

0.480

0.640

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

10

62.638

61.372

1.266

2.138

0.590

0.568

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 57- CANADA: Actigraphy Variables in Non-Work Days
Comparing the No Feedback to Feedback Conditions
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

No Feedback Mean

Feedback Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

14

438.34

452.56

-14.22

28.41

-0.500

0.625

Sleep Episodes

14

1.310

1.359

-0.049

0.148

-0.330

0.747

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

14

724.89

748.30

-23.41

121.58

-0.190

0.850

Sleep Efficiency

14

84.830

85.758

-0.929

2.894

-0.320

0.753

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

14

82.145

83.085

-0.940

2.434

-0.390

0.706

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

14

61.383

64.272

-2.889

3.244

-0.890

0.389

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 58- U.S.: Actigraphy Variables During Non-Work Days
Comparing the No Feedback to Feedback Conditions
Mixed Model ANOVA Fixed Effects (Predicted Means and Differences in Means)

Outcome variables

N

No Feedback Mean

Feedback Mean

Difference Mean

Difference SE

t-statistic

Difference p-value

Prior Sleep

10

391.72

451.65

-59.93

28.44

-2.110

0.064

Sleep Episodes

10

1.507

1.915

-0.408

0.158

-2.580

0.030

AMS (Actigraph Movement Score)

10

1404.36

2033.48

-629.12

261.98

-2.400

0.040

Sleep Efficiency

10

71.653

63.014

8.639

5.366

1.610

0.142

Sleep Performance Model (Max)

10

82.971

85.184

-2.213

1.925

-1.150

0.280

Sleep Performance Model (Min)

10

63.626

67.363

-3.737

2.424

-1.540

0.158

Notes: Mean values and difference in mean values are model-predicted least squares estimates.

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 59. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 1 through 7 concerning the Alertness and Fatigue Management Training Course given before the NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the both conditions (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

For Questions 1-4; Rating scale was 5 = very helpful; 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (number of respondents)

NO FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK

1

Overall material/content in the course. (n=26; mean response)

4.38

4.23

2

Knowledge gained from course. (n=26; mean response)

4.31

4.23

3

Applicability of course to my lifestyle. (n=26; mean response)

3.88

3.81

4

The lessons learned will help me in my job. (n=26; mean response)

4.46

4.15

5

I used some of the lessons learned during these past 2 weeks. (n=26)

92% yes

88% yes

6

The lessons learned will be put into practice by me in the future. (n=26)

96% yes

96% yes

7

Please write your general comments about the Alertness and Fatigue Management course? The material? It's usefulness to you? Things you might want changed or improved, etc.?

na*

na

* Not applicable (na) because question did not offer a rating or yes/no response format (see Appendix F-1 for qualitative comments to this question by drivers).

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 60. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 1 through 7 concerning the Alertness and Fatigue Management Training Course given before the NO FEEDBACK and FEEDBACK conditions. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the both conditions (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

For Questions 1-4; Rating scale was 5 = very helpful; 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (number of respondents)

NO FEEDBACK

FEEDBACK

1

Overall material/content in the course. (n=12; mean response)

4.50

4.33

2

Knowledge gained from course. (n=12; mean response)

4.67

4.50

3

Applicability of course to my lifestyle. (n=12; mean response)

4.25

3.75

4

The lessons learned will help me in my job. (n=12; mean response)

4.33

4.17

5

I used some of the lessons learned during these past 2 weeks. (n=12)

83% yes

83% yes

6

The lessons learned will be put into practice by me in the future. (n=12)

83% yes

83% yes

7

Please write your general comments about the Alertness and Fatigue Management course? The material? It's usefulness to you? Things you might want changed or improved, etc.?

na*

na

* Not applicable (na) because question did not offer a rating or yes/no response format (see Appendix F-2 for qualitative comments to this question by drivers).

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 61. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 8 through 18 concerning the Sleep Watch® wrist monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

8

Approximately what percentage of the time (24/7) during these past 2 weeks while you participated in the study, did you wear the SleepWatch? (n=26)

≥ 90%

0%

0%

na*

9

If you did not wear the SleepWatch continuously, (i.e. almost 100% of the time) what were some of the circumstances surrounding when you did not wear the SleepWatch? (n=26)

na

na

na

27%

10

Was it bothersome to have the SleepWatch continuously on your wrist? (n=26)

65%

35%

0%

77%

11

The SleepWatch numerical rating mirrored the way I felt. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=26)

3.50

na

0%

na

12

SleepWatch provides useful information for managing a person's sleep schedule. (n=26)

46%

54%

0%

na

13

Did you like the SleepWatch scale of alertness (e.g. 1 to 99)? (n=26)

73%

27%

0%

na

14

Can you suggest a better way to display the SleepWatch information?

na

na

na

31%

15

SleepWatch information provided was helpful supporting my sleep planning/managing alertness during the past two weeks. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=22)

3.27

na

na

na

16

I would like a SleepWatch for myself. (n=25)

38%

58%

4%

62%

17

I would recommend SleepWatch to fellow drivers. (n=26)

50%

50%

0%

31%

18

What suggestions do you have on how to improve the SleepWatch to make it more useful for truck drivers? (n=26)

na

na

na

50%

*Not applicable (na).

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 62. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 8 through 18 concerning the Sleep Watch® wrist monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

8

Approximately what percentage of the time (24/7) during these past 2 weeks while you participated in the study, did you wear the SleepWatch? (n=12)

≥ 90%

0%

0%

na*

9

If you did not wear the SleepWatch continuously, (i.e. almost 100% of the time) what were some of the circumstances surrounding when you did not wear the SleepWatch? (n=12)

na

na

na

17%

10

Was it bothersome to have the SleepWatch continuously on your wrist? (n=12)

92%

8%

0%

100%

11

The SleepWatch numerical rating mirrored the way I felt. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

3.50

na

0%

na

12

SleepWatch provides useful information for managing a person's sleep schedule. (n=12)

42%

50%

8%

na

13

Did you like the SleepWatch scale of alertness (e.g. 1 to 99)? (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

na

14

Can you suggest a better way to display the SleepWatch information?

na

na

na

33%

15

SleepWatch information provided was helpful supporting my sleep planning/managing alertness during the past two weeks. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

3.08

na

na

na

16

I would like a SleepWatch for myself. (n=12)

50%

50%

0%

58%

17

I would recommend SleepWatch to fellow drivers. (n=12)

58%

33%

8%

0%

18

What suggestions do you have on how to improve the SleepWatch to make it more useful for truck drivers? (n=12)

na

na

na

50%

*Not applicable (na).

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 63. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 19 through 32 concerning the Sleep Watch® (lane tracking) monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

19

The SafeTRAC camera position in the windshield distracted me. (n=26)

88%

12%

0%

8%

20

The SafeTRAC system was easy to adjust. (n=26)

58%

27%

15%

46%

21

Use and location of SafeTRAC controls were good. (n=26)

65%

35%

0%

46%

22

Operation of SafeTRAC was consistent and understandable. (n=26)

77%

23%

0%

31%

23

The SafeTRAC numeric display could be read easily. (n=26)

96%

4%

0%

12%

24

SafeTRAC's numeric indicator (1-99) frequently got my attention while driving. (n=26)

73%

27%

0%

42%

25

SafeTRAC's crossing the lane alert feature could be trusted.

5=very helpful, 4=good; 3=neutral; 2=low value; 1=disappointing. (n=25)

3.36

na

na

4%

26

Displayed information provided was reliable; the display usually accurately depicted my driving with regard to tracking the lanes on the road. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=26)

3.50

na

na

4%

27

SafeTRAC warned me of poor lane tracking only when I thought it was appropriate. 5=very helpful, 4=good; 3=neutral; 2=low value; 1=disappointing. (n=26)

2.96

na

na

8%

28

SafeTRAC helped me drive more safely. (n=26)

69%

31%

0%

73%

29

SafeTRAC helped me avoid a potential accident. (n=26)

85%

12%

4%

15%

30

SafeTRAC's alertness index helped me decide when to take rest breaks. (n=26)

46%

54%

0%

42%

31

I would like SafeTRAC installed in my truck. (n=25)

50%

42%

4%

52%

32

I would recommend SafeTRAC to fellow truck drivers. (n=26)

65%

23%

12%

46%

*Not applicable (na).

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 64. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 19 through 32 concerning the Sleep Watch® (lane tracking) monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

19

The SafeTRAC camera position in the windshield distracted me. (n=12)

0%

100%

0%

25%

20

The SafeTRAC system was easy to adjust. (n=12)

58%

21%

21%

0%

21

Use and location of SafeTRAC controls were good. (n=12)

75%

25%

0%

25%

22

Operation of SafeTRAC was consistent and understandable. (n=12)

58%

42%

0%

50%

23

The SafeTRAC numeric display could be read easily. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

17%

24

SafeTRAC's numeric indicator (1-99) frequently got my attention while driving. (n=12)

100%

0%

0%

67%

25

SafeTRAC's crossing the lane alert feature could be trusted.

5=very helpful, 4=good; 3=neutral; 2=low value; 1=disappointing. (n=12)

3.25

na

na

0%

12

Displayed information provided was reliable; the display usually accurately depicted my driving with regard to tracking the lanes on the road. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

3.25

na

na

0%

27

SafeTRAC warned me of poor lane tracking only when I thought it was appropriate. 5=very helpful, 4=good; 3=neutral; 2=low value; 1=disappointing. (n=12)

3.25

na

na

0%

28

SafeTRAC helped me drive more safely. (n=12)

42%

58%

0%

67%

29

SafeTRAC helped me avoid a potential accident. (n=12)

0%

100%

0%

0%

30

SafeTRAC's alertness index helped me decide when to take rest breaks. (n=12)

16%

84%

0%

17%

31

I would like SafeTRAC installed in my truck. (n=12)

42%

42%

16%

17%

32

I would recommend SafeTRAC to fellow truck drivers. (n=12)

50%

50%

0%

25%

*Not applicable (na).

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 65. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 33 through 43 concerning the Copilot® (PERCLOS) monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

33

The PERCLOS Eye Camera position on the truck dashboard distracted me. (n=26)

31%

65%

4%

42%

34

The PERCLOS numeric display could be read easily. (n=26)

92%

4%

4%

12%

35

PERCLOS Operation was consistent and understandable. (n=26)

81%

15%

4%

4%

36

The PERCLOS alertness index display was usually a pretty good match to the way I felt: alert or fatigued. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=25)

2.92

na

4%

4%

37

PERCLOS alertness index digital display information was usually accurate/reliable. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=23)

2.91

na

12%

0%

38

Sometimes the display indicated my eyes were drooping, while I felt fully awake/alert. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=24)

3.21

na

8%

0%

39

The PERCLOS alertness index information was helpful to me in monitoring my own level of alertness and/or drowsy periods. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=23)

3.00

na

12%

0%

40

As PERCLOS monitored me for alertness and/or drowsy driving, it made me feel safer. (n=26)

19%

73%

8%

65%

41

I would like to have a PERCLOS Driver Alertness monitor in my truck. (n=26)

27%

69%

4%

50%

42

I would recommend the PERCLOS Driver Alertness monitor to fellow drivers? (n=26)

35%

62%

4%

8%

43

Driver's overall comments and recommendations on the PERCLOS Driver Alertness Monitoring system.

na

na

na

85%

*Not applicable (na).

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 66. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 33 through 43 concerning the Copilot® (PERCLOS) monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

33

The PERCLOS Eye Camera position on the truck dashboard distracted me. (n=12)

50%

50%

0%

67%

34

The PERCLOS numeric display could be read easily. (n=12)

100%

0%

0%

0%

35

PERCLOS Operation was consistent and understandable. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

25%

36

The PERCLOS alertness index display was usually a pretty good match to the way I felt: alert or fatigued. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

3.33

na

0%

0%

37

PERCLOS alertness index digital display information was usually accurate/reliable. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

3.42

na

0%

0%

38

Sometimes the display indicated my eyes were drooping, while I felt fully awake/alert. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

3.00

na

8%

0%

39

The PERCLOS alertness index information was helpful to me in monitoring my own level of alertness and/or drowsy periods. 5 = very helpful, 4 = good; 3 = neutral; 2 = low value; 1 = disappointing. (n=12)

2.75

na

0%

0%

40

As PERCLOS monitored me for alertness and/or drowsy driving, it made me feel safer. (n=12)

8%

92%

0%

75%

41

I would like to have a PERCLOS Driver Alertness monitor in my truck. (n=12)

0%

100%

0%

50%

42

I would recommend the PERCLOS Driver Alertness monitor to fellow drivers? (n=12)

25%

75%

0%

17%

43

Driver's overall comments and recommendations on the PERCLOS Driver Alertness Monitoring system.

na

na

na

100%

*Not applicable (na).

Canada Study Phase 2 results

Table 67. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 44 through 57 concerning the Howard Power Center Steering® (HPCS) monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

44

Operation of the HPCS was consistent and understandable. (n=26)

88%

8%

4%

42%

45

The use and location of HPCS controls/displays were good. (n=26)

50%

46%

4%

62%

46

The HPCS steering assistance was helpful in my driving. (n=26)

77%

15%

8%

58%

47

HPCS made my driving workload easier. (n=26)

73%

27%

0%

0%

48

I felt comforTable using the HPCS. (n=26)

77%

19%

4%

10%

49

HPCS improved my truck steering or ability to maintain direction. (n=26)

69%

19%

12%

46%

50

HPCS was helpful driving in crosswinds. (n=26)

81%

15%

4%

38%

51

HPCS always worked in a helpful manner. (n=26)

69%

31%

0%

0%

52

How did HPCS affect my driving on curves? Yes = helped; No = hindered. (n=26)

38%

31%

31%

4%

53

Was HPCS helpful driving in straight-aways? Yes = helped; No = hindered. (n=26)

77%

12%

12%

0%

54

HPCS reduces driver fatigue. Yes = helped; No = hindered. (n=26)

54%

31%

15%

54%

55

I would like HPCS in my truck. (n=26)

77%

19%

4%

46%

56

I would recommend HPCS to other drivers. (n=26)

85%

12%

4%

4%

57

Driver's overall comments or recommendations on the HPCS.

na

na

na

85%

*Not applicable (na).

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 68. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 44 through 57 concerning the Howard Power Center Steering ® (HPCS) monitor. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

44

Operation of the HPCS was consistent and understandable. (n=12)

100%

0%

0%

25%

45

The use and location of HPCS controls/displays were good. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

50%

46

The HPCS steering assistance was helpful in my driving. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

75%

47

HPCS made my driving workload easier. (n=12)

75%

25%

0%

0%

48

I felt comforTable using the HPCS. (n=12)

75%

25%

0%

58%

49

HPCS improved my truck steering or ability to maintain direction. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

58%

50

HPCS was helpful driving in crosswinds. (n=12)

67%

33%

0%

58%

51

HPCS always worked in a helpful manner. (n=12)

75%

17%

8%

0%

52

How did HPCS affect my driving on curves? Yes = helped; No = hindered. (n=12)

17%

58%

25%

8%

53

Was HPCS helpful driving in straight-aways? Yes = helped; No = hindered. (n=12)

100%

0%

0%

0%

54

HPCS reduces driver fatigue. Yes = helped; No = hindered. (n=12)

75%

25%

0%

58%

55

I would like HPCS in my truck. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

67%

56

I would recommend HPCS to other drivers. (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

0%

57

Driver's overall comments or recommendations on the HPCS.

na

na

na

100%

*Not applicable (na).

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 69. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 58 through 63 concerning the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT-192) performance device. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

58

I learned how to master the PVT pretty well, that is, I learned to consistently obtain pretty good reaction time scores? (n=26)

69%

31%

0%

42%

59

Was the PVT testing intrusive to my duty day? (n=26)

58%

27%

15%

50%

60

Did the results of the PVT usually match my perception of my own reaction time? (n=26)

73%

27%

0%

42%

61

When I got slower reaction times on the PVT, it reflected my own overall assessment of my condition (e.g. tired/fatigued)? (n=26)

73%

23%

4%

38%

62

In my opinion the PVT could be used as a personal checking system on driver fitness for duty system (e.g. to check for a driver's readiness to drive as he/she reports for duty, or at rest stops half way through a long trip)? (n=26)

54%

31%

15%

50%

63

Driver's overall comments or recommendations about the PVT reaction time monitoring system? (n=26)

na*

na

na

62%

*Not applicable (na) because question did not offer a yes/no response format.

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 70. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 58 through 63 concerning the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT-192) performance device. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

58

I learned how to master the PVT pretty well, that is, I learned to consistently obtain pretty good reaction time scores? (n=12)

58%

42%

0%

42%

59

Was the PVT testing intrusive to my duty day? (n=12)

58%

42%

0%

58%

60

Did the results of the PVT usually match my perception of my own reaction time? (n=12)

83%

17%

0%

25%

61

When I got slower reaction times on the PVT, it reflected my own overall assessment of my condition (e.g. tired/fatigued)? (n=12)

92%

8%

0%

75%

62

In my opinion the PVT could be used as a personal checking system on driver fitness for duty system (e.g. to check for a driver's readiness to drive as he/she reports for duty, or at rest stops half way through a long trip)? (n=12)

58%

33%

8%

50%

63

Driver's overall comments or recommendations about the PVT reaction time monitoring system? (n=12)

na*

na

na

83%

*Not applicable (na) because question did not offer a yes/no response format.

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 71. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 64 to 69 and 72 to 84 concerning the combined set of Fatigue Management Technologies. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

64

Driver's overall comments/recommendations about the testing, the alertness and fatigue management devices, driver fatigue, etc. (n= 26)

na*

na

na

69%

65

Overall, how useful/effective do you believe the idea of having Driver Alertness and Fatigue Management aids in the truck cab is for assisting you in managing your driving alertness and contributing to safe driving? (1-5 scale; 1=dislike; 2=not helpful; 3=neutral; 4=helpful; 5=very helpful) (n= 23)

3.76

na

12%

52%

66

Do you think other commercial drivers would benefit from fatigue management aids? (n=26)

88%

8%

4%

54%

67

At any time did your fatigue management and alertness monitoring systems shut down while driving during the on-the-road testing? (n=26)

35%

65%

0%

35%

68

Was there enough warning from the alertness monitoring devices' numeric displays to alert you to the fact you were driving while very drowsy and/or that you might be becoming too sleepy to continue driving safely? (n=26)

38%

46%

15%

54%

69

When you received low alertness, or drowsy driving indicators on the digital displays, did they generally seem to accurately match what you were experiencing in terms of drowsiness at the time? (n=26)

54%

35%

12%

42%

72

During the on-the-road testing, was there anything in the fatigue management instrumentation that distracted you from performing your driving duties or interrupted your concentration on your driving tasks?

42%

58%

0%

38%

73

Did you notice anything unsafe about the fatigue management equipment and systems installed in the cab of your truck? (n=26)

27%

73%

0%

27%

74

In design and use of fatigue management systems what needs to be changed?

na

na

na

100%

75

What changes, if any, would you make to the testing procedures we employed with you during this project? (n = 26)

na

na

na

46%

76

What are your opinions regarding ideas of placing driver drowsiness or fatigue monitoring systems into commercial trucks? (n=26)

na

na

na

100%

77

Did the idea of having your performance recorded for several weeks have any effects on your driving behavior, and performance? (n=26)

23%

31%

46%

58%

78

If use of fatigue management aids (like PERCLOS, SafeTRAC, or SleepWatch) or black box monitoring technologies (like our AP+ recorder) were made mandatory, by either government regulations or by trucking industry management, what is your opinion about how they should be used, or might work best? (n=26)

na

na

na

100%

79

Did you have any law enforcement citations for moving violations during the last 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=26)

15%

85%

0%

15%

80

Did you have any law enforcement citations for logbook violations during the last 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=26)

0%

100%

0%

0%

81

Where you involved in an accident or crash during the past 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=26)

7%

93%

0%

7%

82

Did you have any law enforcement citations for an action that occurred in the context of an accident during the last 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=26)

0%

100%

0%

0%

83

Are you willing to participate in a focus group session with other drivers, which would be held when all drivers have completed their participation in this study? (n=26)

92%

8%

0%

0%

*Not applicable (na).

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 72. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 64 to 69 and 72 to 84 concerning the combined set of Fatigue Management Technologies. Responses were derived from the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question (n = number of respondents)

Yes

No

Y+N or no resp.

comment

64

Driver's overall comments/recommendations about the testing, the alertness and fatigue management devices, driver fatigue, etc. (n= 12)

na*

na

na

100%

65

Overall, how useful/effective do you believe the idea of having Driver Alertness and Fatigue Management aids in the truck cab is for assisting you in managing your driving alertness and contributing to safe driving? (1-5 scale; 1=dislike; 2=not helpful; 3=neutral; 4=helpful; 5=very helpful) (n= 12)

3.75

na

0%

17%

66

Do you think other commercial drivers would benefit from fatigue management aids? (n=12)

100%

0%

0%

33%

67

At any time did your fatigue management and alertness monitoring systems shut down while driving during the on-the-road testing? (n=12)

50%

50%

0%

42%

68

Was there enough warning from the alertness monitoring devices' numeric displays to alert you to the fact you were driving while very drowsy and/or that you might be becoming too sleepy to continue driving safely? (n=12)

58%

42%

0%

50%

69

When you received low alertness, or drowsy driving indicators on the digital displays, did they generally seem to accurately match what you were experiencing in terms of drowsiness at the time? (n=12)

67%

25%

8%

33%

72

During the on-the-road testing, was there anything in the fatigue management instrumentation that distracted you from performing your driving duties or interrupted your concentration on your driving tasks?

58%

42%

0%

58%

73

Did you notice anything unsafe about the fatigue management equipment and systems installed in the cab of your truck? (n=12)

8%

92%

0%

0%

74

In design and use of fatigue management systems what needs to be changed?

na

na

na

67%

75

What changes, if any, would you make to the testing procedures we employed with you during this project? (n = 12)

na

na

na

33%

76

What are your opinions regarding ideas of placing driver drowsiness or fatigue monitoring systems into commercial trucks? (n=12)

na

na

na

75%

77

Did the idea of having your performance recorded for several weeks have any effects on your driving behavior, and performance? (n=12)

42%

58%

0%

67%

78

If use of fatigue management aids (like PERCLOS, SafeTRAC, or SleepWatch) or black box monitoring technologies (like our AP+ recorder) were made mandatory, by either government regulations or by trucking industry management, what is your opinion about how they should be used, or might work best? (n=12)

na

na

na

100%

79

Did you have any law enforcement citations for moving violations during the last 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=12)

8%

92%

0%

8%

80

Did you have any law enforcement citations for logbook violations during the last 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=12)

0%

100%

0%

0%

81

Where you involved in an accident or crash during the past 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=12)

0%

100%

0%

0%

82

Did you have any law enforcement citations for an action that occurred in the context of an accident during the last 2-week period while driving your truck? (n=12)

0%

100%

0%

0%

83

Are you willing to participate in a focus group session with other drivers, which would be held when all drivers have completed their participation in this study? (n=12)

92%

8%

0%

0%

*Not applicable (na).

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 73. CANADA Study Phase: Number of drivers' responding to questions 72 and 73 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of the 4 weeks (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question

Copilot

(PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS

72

During the on-the-road testing, was there anything in the fatigue management instrumentation that distracted you from performing your driving duties or interrupted your concentration on your driving tasks? (n=26)

n = 3

drivers reported PERCLOS

problems

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 1

driver reported

PVT problems

n = 5 drivers reported SafeTRAC

problems

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

73

Did you notice anything unsafe about the fatigue management equipment and systems installed in the cab of your truck? (n=26)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 3 drivers reported SafeTRAC

problems

n = 2

drivers reported HPCS

problems

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 74. U.S. Study Phase: Number of drivers' responding to questions 72 and 73 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of 4 weeks (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question

Copilot

(PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS

72

During the on-the-road testing, was there anything in the fatigue management instrumentation that distracted you from performing your driving duties or interrupted your concentration on your driving tasks? (n=12)

n = 3

drivers reported PERCLOS

problems

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 3 drivers reported SafeTRAC

problems

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

73

Did you notice anything unsafe about the fatigue management equipment and systems installed in the cab of your truck? (n=12)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

n = 1 driver reported SafeTRAC

problems

n = 0

(no reports of problems)

Canada Study Phase 1 results

Table 75. CANADA Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 70 and 71 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses).

No.

Question

Copilot (PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS*

70

Which system(s) matched your alertness level best? Rank them with a number 1 as best and 4 as the least helpful in matching your alertness level). And then tell U.S. how you think the most effective ones did this? (n=26)

Mean = 3.05

rank frequency

1 = 0

2 = 6

3 = 4

4 = 7

total = 17

Mean = 2.38

rank frequency

1 = 8

2 = 3

3 = 4

4 = 6

total = 21

Mean = 2.04

rank frequency

1 = 10

2 = 4

3 = 3

4 = 4

total = 21

Mean = 1.90

rank frequency

1 = 10

2 = 6

3 = 2

4 = 3

total = 21

-

71

Which system(s) matched your drowsinesslevel best? Rank them with a number 1 as best and 4 as the least helpful in matching your drowsiness level). And then tell U.S. how you think the most effective ones did this? (n=25)

Mean = 2.84

rank frequency

1 = 1

2 = 4

3 = 4

4 = 4

total = 13

Mean = 2.23

rank frequency

1 = 8

2 = 2

3 = 2

4 = 5

total = 17

Mean = 2.22

rank frequency

1 = 8

2 = 3

3 = 2

4 = 5

total = 18

Mean = 2.00

rank frequency

1 = 8

2 = 6

3 = 2

4 = 3

total = 19

-

 

 

Grand average ranking for Q. 70 & 71

2.94

2.30

2.13

1.95

-

*HPCS system was not rated because it did not purport to measure alertness or drowsiness

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 76. U.S. Study Phase: Summary of drivers' responses to questions 70 and 71 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses).

No.

Question

Copilot (PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS*

70

Which system(s) matched your alertness level best? Rank them with a number 1 as best and 4 as the least helpful in matching your drowsiness level). And then tell U.S. how you think the most effective ones did this? (n=12)

Mean = 3.00

rank frequency

1 = 1

2 = 3

3 = 1

4 = 5

total = 10

Mean = 2.10

rank frequency

1 = 4

2 = 3

3 = 1

4 = 2

total = 10

Mean = 2.70

rank frequency

1 = 4

2 = 0

3 = 1

4 = 5

total = 10

Mean = 2.10

rank frequency

1 = 3

2 = 3

3 = 4

4 = 0

total = 10

-

71

Which system(s) matched your drowsinesslevel best? Rank them with a number 1 as best and 4 as the least helpful in matching your drowsiness level). And then tell U.S. how you think the most effective ones did this? (n=12)

Mean = 3.18

rank frequency

1 = 1

2 = 2

3 = 2

4 = 6

total = 11

Mean = 2.54

rank frequency

1 = 1

2 = 6

3 = 1

4 = 3

total = 11

Mean = 2.36

rank frequency

1 = 5

2 = 0

3 = 3

4 = 3

total = 11

Mean = 1.91

rank frequency

1 = 6

2 = 1

3 = 3

4 = 1

total = 11

-

 

 

Grand average ranking for Q. 70 & 71

3.09

2.32

2.53

2.00

-

Canada Study Phase 1 results

 

Table 77 . CANADA Study Phase: Frequency of drivers' responses to question 84 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-1 for detailed responses). Question 84 asked "if first we fixed all the complaints you commented on, how would you rank the items on a scale from 1 to 10 in terms of how well you would like them for yourself and other truck drivers?" Rank of 10 = "terrific idea, and you would like to have one in your truck and/or think other drivers should want it too." Rank of 1 = "not good, don't like or want it."

Rating

Rating anchors

Copilot

(PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS

9.5 - 10

Terrific idea;

Would like to have in truck

1

3

-*

8

8

8.5 - 9.0

 

1

2

-

4

2

7.5 - 8.0

 

5

5

-

4

7

6.5 - 7.0

 

3

3

-

4

1

5.5 - 6.0

 

2

4

-

0

3

4.5 - 5.0

 

7

2

-

4

1

3.5 - 4.0

 

2

3

-

0

1

2.5 - 3.0

 

1

2

-

0

1

1.5 - 2.0

 

1

1

-

1

0

0.5 - 1.0

Not good

Don't like it; don't want it

1

0

-

1

1

 

 

n = 24

n = 25

-

n = 26

n = 25

Average ranking

 

5.79

6.42

-

7.60

7.60

Percent ≥ 5.5

 

50%

68%

-

77%

84%

*Question 84 did not ask drivers to rate the PVT.

 

U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 78 . U.S. Study Phase: Frequency of drivers' responses to question 84 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendix F-2 for detailed responses). Question 84 asked "if first we fixed all the complaints you commented on, how would you rank the items on a scale from 1 to 10 in terms of how well you would like them for yourself and other truck drivers?" Rank of 10 = "terrific idea, and you would like to have one in your truck and/or think other drivers should want it too." Rank of 1 = "not good, don't like or want it."

 

Rating

Rating anchors

Copilot

(PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS

9.5 - 10

Terrific idea;

Would like to have in truck

0

1

-*

2

6

8.5 - 9.0

 

0

3

-

2

2

7.5 - 8.0

 

1

1

-

4

0

6.5 - 7.0

 

1

0

-

1

1

5.5 - 6.0

 

0

0

-

0

1

4.5 - 5.0

 

1

4

-

2

1

3.5 - 4.0

 

0

1

-

0

1

2.5 - 3.0

 

2

1

-

1

0

1.5 - 2.0

 

3

0

-

0

0

0.5 - 1.0

Not good

Don't like it; don't want it

4

1

-

0

0

 

 

n = 12

n = 12

-

n = 12

n = 12

Average ranking

 

2.96

6.08

-

7.46

8.33

Percent ≥ 5.5

 

17%

42%

-

75%

83%

*Question 84 did not ask drivers to rate the PVT.

 

Combined Canada Study Phase 1 and
U.S. Study Phase 2 results

Table 79 . Combined CANADA and U.S. Study Phases: Frequency of drivers' responses to question 84 of the Human Factors Structured Interview Questionnaire administered during debriefing following the FMT FEEDBACK Condition at the end of their 4 weeks of participation (see Appendices F-1 and F-2 for detailed responses). Question 84 asked "if first we fixed all the complaints you commented on, how would you rank the items on a scale from 1 to 10 in terms of how well you would like them for yourself and other truck drivers?" Rank of 10 = "terrific idea, and you would like to have one in your truck and/or think other drivers should want it too." Rank of 1 = "not good, don't like or want it."

Rating

Rating anchors

Copilot

(PERCLOS)

SleepWatch

PVT

SafeTRAC

HPCS

9.5 - 10

Terrific idea;

Would like to have in truck

1

4

-*

10

14

8.5 - 9.0

 

1

5

-

6

4

7.5 - 8.0

 

6

6

-

8

7

6.5 - 7.0

 

4

3

-

5

2

5.5 - 6.0

 

2

4

-

0

4

4.5 - 5.0

 

8

6

-

6

2

3.5 - 4.0

 

2

4

-

0

2

2.5 - 3.0

 

3

3

-

1

1

1.5 - 2.0

 

4

1

-

1

0

0.5 - 1.0

Not good

Don't like it; don't want it

5

1

-

1

1

 

 

n = 36

n = 37

-

n = 38

n = 37

Average ranking

 

4.85

6.31

-

7.55

7.84

Percent ≥ 5.5

 

39%

59%

-

76%

84%

 


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